Abstract : The gut microbiota refers to the community of microorganisms living in the mammalian digestive tract. Over the past decades, numerous preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that gut microbiota is involved in the physiological homeostasis of the host, particularly in the immune and metabolic systems. Furthermore, the dysfunction of gut microbiota, also called “dysbiosis”, has been associated with various diseases, such as the metabolic syndrome or chronic kidney disease. In this review, we summarize the knowledge about the possible role of gut microbiota in the development of arterial hypertension. We detail the pathophysiological mechanisms, namely involving short-chain fatty acids produced by the bacterial fermentation of food carbohydrates. These metabolites are reabsorbed by the intestinal mucosa and interact with a multitude of G-protein coupled receptors at the surface of cells involved in blood pressure regulation, including renal tubular cells. These observations open up innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in arterial hypertension, which is a major public health problem.