Abstract : Our polluted environment exposes human beings, along their life, to various toxic compounds that could trigger and aggravate different complex diseases. Such a phe¬nomenon is well recognized for cardiovascular diseases, respi¬ratory diseases and cancers, but other chronic inflammatory disorders may also been implicated. The most common factors, but also the most toxic, and thereby the most extensively inves¬tigated, are air pollutants (both indoor and outdoor pollution) and various contaminants present in drinking water and food (organic compounds, chemical products, heavy metals, …). The complex interrelationships between food and pollutants, on the one hand, and between gene and environmental pollu-tants, including the influence of epigenetics, on the other hand, deserve further careful studies.