Abstract : currently indicated for the treatment of essential hypertension, as monotherapy or in combination, especially with hydrochlorothiazide (Rasilez HCT®). It may also be use to obtain a more complete blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) when it is associated with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) (or an AT1 angiotensin receptor antagonist) (ARA). There is some room for agents that may be more efficacious in reducing the progression of diabetic nephropathy than ACEI or ARA. In this context, the dual blockade of RAAS most probably offers a better efficacy than the simple blockade, but also exposes to a higher risk. Should ongoing trials confirm the preliminary favourable results, aliskiren might reach a forefront position among the armamentarium now available to optimize the RAAS blockade. The present article will summarize advances concerning the biochemical effects of the specific mode of action of aliskiren, especially the potential interferences related to increased renin/pro-renin levels, as well as results of recent clinical trials, not only in hypertension, but also in the fields of diabetes, renal insufficiency and cardiology. The objectives and design of the landmark study ALTITUDE will also be briefly presented.